Undergraduate
Associate of Arts
Certificate of Accomplishment
Administration of Justice 10: Introduction to Homeland Security | Andrew Gulcher, MA
This course provides an overview of important components of homeland security, including various agencies and their interrelated responsibilities. Topics include historical events, critical threats, and legislative constraints that impact national security. The course clarifies the roles of military agencies and local, federal, and international law enforcement in combating terrorrism and identifies characteristics, ideologies, motives, and behaviors of extremist groups that foster and support terrorist activities. Students will examine and interpret forensic evidence to reconstruct crimes of terrorism.
Administration of Justice 11: Intelligence and Security Management | Andrew Gulcher, MA
This course provides an introduction to intelligence analysis and security management, focused on the prevention of terrorist attacks and other threats to national security. Students learn about the national defense system, including private sector defense, and explore the vulnerabilities of these systems. Students are exposed to the intelligence community, how it operates, and examines issues regarding intelligence support of the Department of Homeland Security.
Administration of Justice 12: Transportation and Border Security Management | Geoffrey Rizzo, MA
This course provides an overview of modern border and transportation security challenges. Different methods designed to address these challenges will be explored. The course covers a time period from post 9/11 to present. Topics associated with border security and security for transportation infrastructure include: ships, aircraft, railways, pipelines, and highways. Additional topics include technological solutions employed to enhance security of borders and transportation systems. Students will discuss the legal, economic, political, and cultural concerns as well as impacts associated with transportation and border security.
Administration of Justice 21: Introduction to Emergency Management | Lt. Timothy Branley
This course introduces students to the fundamentals of emergency management. Students will learn the principles of emergency management, and will become familiar with the major issues confronting emergency management providers. The course will emphasize the elements of the Incident Command System. Students will participate in a series of simulated emergency management exercises. Case studies of large scale emergency events will be covered.
Administration of Justice 26: Introduction to Terrorism and Counterterrorism | Andrew Gulcher, MA
This course will provide students with an overview of domestic and transnational terrorism. Varying definitions, perspectives, and underlying causes will be explored along with terrorist weapons of choice. Terrorist and counterterrorist organizations will be examined, as well as incidents involving terrorist efforts, successes, and failures.
Administration of Justice 142: Introduction to Digital Evidence | Andrew Gulcher, MA
This course provides students with an understanding of digital crime scene investigation. Topics include court presentation of evidence requirements involving digital forensic evidence, digital imaging, and metadata. Recognized legal and professional standards will be reviewed. Students will be exposed to contemporary digital forensic tools and processes used in collecting digital evidence from seizure to the admission as evidence in a criminal trial. Procedural and legal issues in the handling, processing, and examination of digital evidence will be studied. Students will learn about methods of handling the chain of custody regarding some digital evidence, and discovery procedures.
Anthropology 1: Introduction to Physical Anthropology | Alberto Vigil, MA
This course explores and emphasizes the evolution and biological diversity of the human species and our closest living relative, the non-human primates. Topics include genetics, mechanisms of evolutionary change, human variation, and the reconstruction of human evolutionary history through examination of the fossil record.
Anthropology 2: Introduction to Cultural Anthropology | Dr. Kirsten Olson
This course will provide students with an introduction to culture theory as well as to the cross-cultural understanding of human behavior. Emphasis will be placed on subsistence strategies marriage and kinship institution levels of sociopolitical organization religious systems and the effects of cultural change, mainly as the result of European expansion, industrialization, and globalization.
Anthropology 3: Introduction to Archaeology | Dr. Kirsten Olson
This course is a survey of the field of archaeology in the United States and abroad. It traces the history of archaeology and reviews the concepts, topics of concern, and research methodologies commonly encountered within the field of archaeology. Students will be introduced to basic techniques of soil analysis and archeological mineral analysis.
Anthropology 5: Physical Anthropology Lab | Dr. Billy Wong
This course uses laboratory exercises and hands-on activities to explore the primary topics of physical anthropology. Topics will include principles evolution, human genetics, forensic anthropology, behavior and anatomy of nonhuman primates, human variation, and fossil evidence for human evolution.
Anthropology 6: Native Peoples of North America | Angela Mannen, MA
This course is designed to provide an understanding of the origins, culture areas, and culture characteristics of native peoples north of Mexico. Topics include the prehistory of these aboriginal New World populations, cultural adaptions to various environments, and interactions with non-natives during and following the period of European expansion.
Anthropology 11: Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft | Dr. Rodolfo Otero
This course is a cross-cultural and evolutionary survey of the supernatural. It includes an examination of magic and witchcraft practices and the different functions they play in various world societies including hunting and gathering groups, and tribal level and state level societies. Religious beliefs, symbolism and ritual are explained from an anthropological perspective.
Art History 207: Art History of Mexico and Central and Couth America | Alireza Ahmadpour, XXX - SP23
This course surveys the art of Mexico, Central America, and South America, from Pre-Colombian civilizations through contemporary times. Key artworks are studied in relation to historical and cultural contexts that consider the effects of shifting social, political, philosophical, and spiritual paradigms on the production of art.
Biology 10: Fundamentals of Biology | Michael Brennan, MS
This course is a survey of all living things: prokaryotes, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. Basic principles of structure, function, and relationships of living organisms are discussed with special reference to humans.
Business 22: Human Relations in Organizations | Lovell Alford, MBA
This course covers the major themes of human relations in organizations and the workplace from a psychological, sociological, and physiological perspective. Students will develop critical thinking and ethical reasoning skills as students apply behavior science theories and principles. Topics include values, perception, motivation, conflict management, teamwork, and leadership.
Business 25: Introduction to Business | Lovell Alford, MBA
This course is a survey of organization and management factors influencing the establishment, location, and operation of businesses. This course emphasizes the functional area of accounting as well as the legal framework within which business activities are conducted. The course also emphasizes the principles of Total Quality Management (TQM) in a multicultural and globalized environment.
Contemporary Health 1: Personal and Community Health Issues | Linda Delzeit-McIntrye, MA
The purpose of this class is to give the study insight into various aspects of personal health and wellness. The student will gain an understanding of the application of health and wellness principles in one's life as a matter of personal responsibility. The course will be conducted as a combination of lectures, discussions, and other in-class activities.
Economics 1: Principles of Economics: Macroeconomics | Dr. Tanja Carter
This course introduces students to the principles that explain the operation of the national economy. Topics to be analyzed include consumption of products, exchange, aggregate output, the money supply, national income, price level, economic growth, international trade, international finance, and macroeconomic principles.
Economics 2: Principles of Economics: Microeconomics Theory | Dr. Meric Keskinel
This course focuses on the development of the fundamental laws of supply and demand. The principles that govern the operation of the market economy using microeconomic theory will be examined. In particular, emphasis will be placed on decision making by individual consumers and firms, and how the allocation of goods and resources are determined in both competitive and monopolistic markets.
English 1A: Reading and Composition | Karen Amano-Tompkins, MA
This course is designed to strengthen the students' ability to read with understanding and discernment, to discuss the assigned readings intelligently, and to write clearly. Emphasis will be on writing essays in which each paragraph relates to a controlling idea, has an introduction and a conclusion, and contains primary and secondary support. College-level reading material will be assigned to provide the stimulus for class discussion and writing assignments, including a required research paper.
English 1C: Critical Thinking and Composition | Dr. Thomas Lovell
This course focuses on the development of critical thinking skills. Students will apply these skills to the analysis of written arguments in various forms and genres, both classic and contemporary, and to the writing of effective persuasive essays. Students will learn to evaluate and interpret data, to recognize assumptions, to distinguish facts from opinions, to identify and avoid logical fallacies, to employ deductive and inductive reasoning, and to effectively assert and support argumentative claims.
English 43: African American Literature | Planned for Future Term
This course provides a chronological and thematic survey of African American literature. Students will read and discuss representative works by African American writers. Emphasis will be on classic and contemporary literature.
English 44: The Literature of American Ethnic Groups | Erica Brenes, MA
This course provides a broad survey of American ethnic literatures. Students will explore and analyze representative texts by Native Americans, African Americans, Chicano- and Latino Americans, Jewish Americans, Asian and Pacific Islander Americans, and Arab Americans. Emphasis will be on contemporary literature.
Ethnic Studies 1: Introduction to Ethnic Studies | Xocoyotzin Herrera, MA
This course provides a multidisciplinary introduction and analysis of ethnic groups in the United States. Various theories and perspectives will be examined to better comprehend the effects of institutional racism, marginalization, socio-economic and political discrimination, and ethnocentrism on American ethnic and racial groups.
Ethnic Studies 3: The Chicano in Contemporary United States Society | Xocoyotzin Herrera, MA
This course introduces the student to the complexity and diversity of contemporary Chicano society in the United States. The impact of American values on the socialization of Mexican Americans will be assessed with particular emphasis on political, economic, social, cultural and educational institutions.
Ethnic Studies 5: Chicano Culture | Xocoyotzin Herrera, MA
This course is an interdisciplinary study of Chicano culture in the United States. Emphasis is placed on the historical roots and development of the cultural contributions of Chicanos to American society in the arts, literature, language, music and other expressions of contemporary popular culture. Analysis of the central components of Chicano cultural values, norms and customs will also be assessed.
First Aid 1: First Aid, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Basic Emergency Care | Traci Granger, MEd
This course follows the American Red Cross Certification Program for First Aid, Basic Life Support (infant, child, adult, and two person CPR), and Automated External Defibrillation (AED). The course content includes an emphasis on prevention of injuries, safety education, and skills necessary to sustain life in the event of trauma or sudden illness. Demonstration of skill proficiency and passing written exams with 80 percent or better will qualify students for certification in American Red Cross First Aid, Community CPR, and Professional Rescuer CPR.
History 101: United States History to 1877 | Hong Herrera Thomas, MA
This course is a chronological survey of American history from the first Americans to 1877, focusing on American social, intellectual, political, economic, and diplomatic institutions. Major topics in the course include colonization, slavery, the American Revolution, Native Americans, the Civil War and Reconstruction.
History 102: United States History from 1877 to Present | Sandra Uribe, MA
This course is a chronological survey of American history from 1877 to the present, focusing on American social, intellectual, political, economic, and diplomatic institutions. Major topics include, culture, ethnic and racial diversity and the role of the United States within the context of world history.
History 111: The African American in the United States from 1877 to the Present | Jamahl Melton, XXX - SP23
This course is a survey of the history of the United States from 1877 to the present with particularly emphasis on the role of African Americans in shaping American society. The contributions of African Americans to the American society as a whole will also be examined.
History 112: History of the Chicano in the United States | Xocoyotzin Herrera, MA
This course surveys United States history from the Chicano perspective and covers historical periods from the initial contact between European and indigenous North American societies through colonial, early national, and contemporary American historical periods. Emphasis is placed on this group's contribution to the development of the United States. Factors that have shaped the formation of Mexican American society within the context of United States history will also be analyzed.
History 114: History of the Asian American in the United States | Hong Herrera Thomas, MA
This course surveys Asian American history in the United States from 1848 to the present, focusing on the historical interaction of diverse Asian American groups with American politics, culture, society, and the economy. Unique Asian American communities and the historical factors that have formed and shaped them will also be examined.
History 141: History of Modern Civilizations | Dr. Danny Hsu
This course is a survey of the political, economic, social, and cultural development of world civilizations from the rise of the West in the mid-fifteenth century to the present day. Topics include the European voyages of exploration and expansion, Africa and the transatlantic slave trade, protestant and Catholic Reformations, the Islamic empires, China and Japan in the age of global expansion, French and industrial revolutions, World War I and II, the Cold War and globalization.
History 154: A History of Mexico | Jason Suarez, XXX - SP23
This course surveys the political, social, cultural, and economic history of Mexico from Pre-Columbian times to the present. Discussion of major epochs of Mexican history will focus on the influence of various cultural groups in shaping modern Mexico.
Japanese 1: Elementary Japanese 1 | Dr. Nina Yoshida (1) / Kanzo Takemori, MA (2)
This course, taught within the context of Japanese culture, introduces students to the development of skills for language acquisition in speaking, listening, reading, and writing of modern Japanese. Students are introduced to the cultural background of the language.
Japanese 25: Cultural Aspects of the Japanese Language | Yuki Minekawa, MA
This course provides a study of the cultural aspects of the Japanese language, including the origin of the Japanese people and their language, art, religion, philosophy, and geography. The anthropological and societal characteristics relating to the language and a comparison of Japanese and Western languages and cultures are also covered.
Mathematics 150: Elementary Statistics with Probability | Susana Acuna-Acosta, MS
The focus of this course is the basic practice of statistics, including descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and the role probability plays in statistical analysis. Students calculate with statistical testing capabilities and statistical software, as well as by hand. Major topics include methods of data collection and simulation; measures of central tendency, variability, and relative position; graphical summaries of data; linear regression and correlation; distributions, including normal and binomial distributions; probability theory; and inferential statistical methods. Students choose, justify, use, and interpret the results of inferential techniques, such as confidence intervals, hypothesis tests, goodness of fit, analysis of variance, and nonparametric tests.
Physical Education 10A: Body Conditioning and Physical Fitness | Thomas Hazell, XXX - SP23
This course provides students with a fitness foundation through the means of cardiorespiratory endurance training, muscular strength and endurance training, and flexibility exercises. Students assess health-related components of fitness, set fitness goals, and monitor progression. Special emphasis is paid to the design and execution of a personalized exercise prescription.
Physical Education 221: Combative Arts and Self Defense | Thomas Hazell, XXX - SP23
This course provides instruction and practice in the application of combative arts for use in self-defense. Techniques presented will include various strikes, punches, kicks and ground defense strategies. Defense against the headlock, bear hug, chokes and confrontational situations will also be practiced. Physical conditioning relative to performing self-defense techniques will be emphasized. Prevention of training related injuries will be addressed through proper warm up and stretching.
Physical Education 257: Yoga for Health and Fitness | Diana Galias, XXX - SP23
This course is designed to improve both fitness and health through mind and body integration. Yoga postures (asanas) are woven together to provide a workout that targets the body, but does not emphasize any religion, or philosophy. Breathing while performing the asanas is stressed. Various styles of Hatha Yoga will be introduced. This course will give the student both the knowledge and the practice to move toward improve health, fitness and mind and body awareness.
Physical Education 275: Sport Psychology | Jessica Rapoza, MA
This course is a scientific study of the psychological factors associated with participation and performance in sport activities. Emphasis will be placed on how psychological principles and research can be used to understand and enhance sport performance. Topics will include historical and theoretical perspectives of sport psychology, research methods, and the relationship between sport performance and various personality, motivational, and social psychological variables. Gender and age issues, as well as the effects and management of unhealthy behaviors, will be discussed.
Physical Education 277: Introduction to Kinesiology & Physical Education | Nathan Fernley, MA
This course introduces the academic disciplines of kinesiology and physical education through an examination of their historical, professional, and philosophical foundations. Specialties such as exercise science, biomechanics, athletic training, fitness, teaching, coaching, sport psychology, and adapted physical education are surveyed for their scope and career options.
Political Science 1: Governments of the United States and California | Dr. Karl Striepe
This course is a survey of the concepts, theories, and functions of the American political system. The basic principles of the United States Constitution and the government of California will be examined. Emphasis will be placed on the formal and informal influences of federalism on national and state governments.
Political Science 2: Introduction to Comparative Politics | Dr. Paul Flor
In this course students will analyze political systems of different countries in a comparative context. Emphasize will be placed on the formal and informal influences of federalism on national and state governments.
Political Science 10: Introduction to International Relations | Dr. Karl Striepe - SP23
In this course students will examine the factors that determine the relations between nations and the problems that result from the interplay of these factors. The conditions that can lead to both conflict and cooperation among nations will be examined. Major topics include international security, issues of international political economy, and international organizations. International law and diplomacy are examined as alternative means of resolving conflict.
Psychology 2: Psychology for Effective Living | Dr. Lorrie Kato
This course is a study of personal development and adjustment in society as well as the psychosocial and cultural influences on childhood adolescence, and adulthood. Emphasis on the application of psychological research and theories to the development of social skills and personal adjustments as well as practical approaches to problems of personal development and social relationships will be examined.
Psychology 3: Critical Thinking in Psychology | Dr. Stephanie Foley
This course focuses on the development of critical thinking skills related to psychology. In addition to learning basic skills of logic, students will also learn about the logic of the scientific method and the common errors of human cognition that impede critical thinking. Emphasis is placed on the application of critical thinking skills to written effective arguments, analyzing the writings of others, and understanding contemporary controversies in psychology.
Psychology 5: General Psychology | Dr. Lorrie Kato
This course is a study of of human behavior and mental processes with an emphasis on basic theory and research generated by the scientific method. Major topics include psychobiology, learning, human cognition, personality, lifespan development, psychological disorders, therapeutic approaches, and social psychology.
Psychology 7: Physiological Psychology | Dr. Richard Mascolo
This course focuses on the physiological factors in human development, behavior, and experience. Fundamental topics include consciousness, language, emotion, memory, and sensation/perception. Clinical topics include Sexual Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Autism, Alzheimer's disease, and traumatic brain injury. Studies of both human and other animals are evaluated and organized by scientific and clinical standards.
Psychology 12: Human Sexuality | Mary Stelter, MA
This course is the scientific study of human sexuality. Emphasis is placed on analysis of sexuality from a psychological theoretical framework. Topics include the history of sex, the scientific research methods used to study sex, and the psychobiology of sex. This course also examines cultural views of sex and gender, sexual behavior and relationships., and sex as a social and medical issue.
Psychology 15: Abnormal Psychology | Dr. Richard Mascolo
This course focuses on the scientific study of both normal and abnormal experiences and behavior. Emphasis is placed on the characterization, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders ranging from mild to severe forms.
Psychology 16: Lifespan Development | Dr. Brad Conn
This course examines physical, cognitive and psychosocial development throughout the human lifespan from conception to death. Special emphasis is placed on culture, family relationships, and the interplay of genes and environment. Attention is also devoted to the practical application of research findings to ongoing developmental problems issues.
Psychology 19: Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender | Dr. Angela Simon
This course is an introduction to psychological, social, and cultural aspects of sexual orientation and gender identity, with an emphasis on examining sexual orientation and gender identity from a psychological perspective. Topics will include historical perspectives on sexual orientation and gender identity and basic research methods used to study gender and sexuality; applied topics such as identity, relationships, mental and physical health, sexuality, prejudice and discrimination, and the role of LGBTQ allies in effecting change will also be included.
Psychology 25: The Psychology of Gender | Dr. Amy Himsel
This course is an overview of psychological perspectives and research on gender. Topics will include theoretical perspectives on gender, psychological research methods used to study gender, sex-related differences and comparisons, and the influence of gender in areas such as relationships, communications, health, and work.
Psychology 108: Social Psychology | Mohammad Abdelhamid, MA
This course focuses on the scientific study of the psychological processes that occur in and between groups. Emphasis is on individual behavior rather than on group behavior as a whole. Topics include social cognition; social perception; attitudes; prejudice and discrimination; social and group influence; interpersonal attraction and intimate relationships; aggression; and prosocial behavior. Gender and sociocultural issues are also examined.
Psychology 110: African American Psychology | Planned for Future Term
This course is an introduction to the psychological issues related to the African American experience in the United States. The relationship between the African American experience and social perception, social cognition, and identity and attitude formation is emphasized. Individual cognitive styles, personality development, and family structures of African Americans will also be examined.
Psychology 117: Cultural Psychology | Dr. Yun Chu
This course will examine psychological principles, theory, and research through exploration of cultural differences and similarities, both within and across cultures. Topics may include the interplay between culture and developmental processes, cognition, emotion, communication, gender, personality development, psychopathology, and social behavior.
Social Science 101: Introduction to Social Sciences | Sandra Uribe, MA
This course introduces students to the fields of study that comprise the social sciences and their interrelationship. Students will be introduced to the basic theories and methods of social science disciplines and how their contributions facilitate our understanding of the social and cultural worlds humans inhabitant and the problems experienced by contemporary societies. This course also exposes students to the concepts and techniques that are used in social science research and in career choices available to students pursuing a degree in the social sciences.
Social Science 103: Introduction to Social Justice Studies | Jessica Rodriguez, MA (ABD)
This course introduces students to social justice theories and the historical and contemporary responses to inequality and injustice. The role of imbalances of power in society, social movements, culture, politics, and institutions will be discussed. This course also explores a broad range of issues related to environmental and criminal justice and human rights. Diverse theories and practical applications of social justice and social movements that have been made over time to remedy social injustice will be examined.
Sociology 101: Introduction to Sociology | Dr. Sergio Soto
In this course students analyze the influence of the social environment on behavior and social life, using sociological theoretical perspectives and research methods. Components of culture and social structures are critically examined through sociological theories and concepts, including socialization, deviance, and social change. Students will evaluate social institutions in American society, as well as analyze social stratification and inequality relative to social class, ethnicity, and gender.
Sociology 102: The Family | Dr. Kell Stone
In this course students analyze the influence of the social environment on behavior and social life, using sociological theoretical perspectives and research methods. Components of culture and social structure are critically examined through sociological theories and concepts, including socialization, deviance, and social change. Students will evaluate social institutions in American society, as well as analyze social stratification and inequality relative to social class, ethnicity, and gender.
Sociology 104: Social Problems | Dr. Kell Stone
In this course students examine social problems facing societies today. Topics include problems associated with deviance, crime, inequality, social institutions, and modernization. Social problems will be analyzed from various sociological perspectives to better understand their possible causes and consequences. Strategies for addressing social problems will be discussed and assessed.
Sociology 107: Issues of Race and Ethnicity in the United States | Dr. Melissa Fujiwara
In this course, students examine issues of race and ethnicity in the United States from a sociological perspective. Sociological concepts and theories are used to analyze the current and historical experiences of groups, which are defined in racial and ethnic terms, and to assess how these definitions and experiences influence the current status and attainments of these groups in American society.
Sociology 108: Global Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity | Dr. Frieda Dowden
In this course, students will examine ethnic groups around the world using concepts of race, ethnicity and minority status. Multiple theoretical perspectives will be used to examine the conditions under which certain ethnic groups have been designated with minority group status. Focus is given to the reactions of these groups to this designation, and the patterns of interaction between minority groups and dominant groups. Emphasis is on current situations involving minority-dominant group relations around the world and the historical conditions influencing them.
Sociology 110: Introduction to Social Work | Corina Diaz, MA, MSW, ACSW
This course introduces students to the field of social work emphasizing the skills, responsibilities, and varieties of social work settings. Various social problems, such as child neglect, domestic violence, and poverty, are analyzed to understand how social workers address these issues at the individual, group, and community levels. Social policies such as domestic violence laws, foster care, and the welfare system are also examined.
Sociology 112: Introduction to Criminology | Peter Aguilera, MA
This course introduces students to the scientific analysis of crime and criminality. Sociological concepts and theories are used to analyze the nature, extent, and cause of crime; theoretical explanations for criminal behavior will be discussed. The dynamics of law, social control, treatment processes, and victimology will be evaluated.
Sociology 113: Gender and Society | Dr. Kell Stone
Through this course, students will explore the concepts of sex and gender from a sociological perspective. Course content will examine shifts in attitudes, the social construction, and the importance of gender, both femininities and masculinities, in our everyday lives. Students will examine the methods sociologists use to study gender as well as how gender shapes and is shaped by the family, work, education, politics, media, the criminal justice system, health, religion, interaction, and performance. This course also analyzes the interlocking nature of gender with other major organizing principles of life such as race, class, age, and sexuality.
Sociology 115: Sociology of Death and Dying | Dr. Kassia Wosick
This course is a sociological approach to investigating death, dying, and bereavement processes in contemporary society. Students will compare the concept of death historically, socially, psychologically, and cross-culturally. Current legal, medical, and ethical issues related to death and dying, hospice, palliative care, end-of-life issues, violent deaths, and mass killings are also discussed.
Sociology 118: Sociology of Sexualities | Dr. Kassia Wosick
This course examines how and why sexuality matters in society at both individual and institutional levels. It addresses diverse sexualities using sociological theories, methodological processes, and an intersectional approach involving race/ethnicity, class, and gender. Students will utilize sociological lens to assess the relationship between historical socio-sexual contexts and contemporary sexualities.
Women Studies 1: Introduction to Women's Studies | Katherine Rippel, MA
This interdisciplinary course introduces students to the field of women's studies. The history of feminism, feminist though, and women's studies as an academic discipline will be examined and assessed. The social construction of sex, gender, and sexuality, the representation of women in American society, and the role of women in American institutions will be analyzed from theoretical perspectives of various academic disciplines. Feminist perspectives will be utilized to critically analyze race, ethnicity, social class, sexuality, and age as they correlate with sex and gender in American society.
This course provides an overview of important components of homeland security, including various agencies and their interrelated responsibilities. Topics include historical events, critical threats, and legislative constraints that impact national security. The course clarifies the roles of military agencies and local, federal, and international law enforcement in combating terrorrism and identifies characteristics, ideologies, motives, and behaviors of extremist groups that foster and support terrorist activities. Students will examine and interpret forensic evidence to reconstruct crimes of terrorism.
Administration of Justice 11: Intelligence and Security Management | Andrew Gulcher, MA
This course provides an introduction to intelligence analysis and security management, focused on the prevention of terrorist attacks and other threats to national security. Students learn about the national defense system, including private sector defense, and explore the vulnerabilities of these systems. Students are exposed to the intelligence community, how it operates, and examines issues regarding intelligence support of the Department of Homeland Security.
Administration of Justice 12: Transportation and Border Security Management | Geoffrey Rizzo, MA
This course provides an overview of modern border and transportation security challenges. Different methods designed to address these challenges will be explored. The course covers a time period from post 9/11 to present. Topics associated with border security and security for transportation infrastructure include: ships, aircraft, railways, pipelines, and highways. Additional topics include technological solutions employed to enhance security of borders and transportation systems. Students will discuss the legal, economic, political, and cultural concerns as well as impacts associated with transportation and border security.
Administration of Justice 21: Introduction to Emergency Management | Lt. Timothy Branley
This course introduces students to the fundamentals of emergency management. Students will learn the principles of emergency management, and will become familiar with the major issues confronting emergency management providers. The course will emphasize the elements of the Incident Command System. Students will participate in a series of simulated emergency management exercises. Case studies of large scale emergency events will be covered.
Administration of Justice 26: Introduction to Terrorism and Counterterrorism | Andrew Gulcher, MA
This course will provide students with an overview of domestic and transnational terrorism. Varying definitions, perspectives, and underlying causes will be explored along with terrorist weapons of choice. Terrorist and counterterrorist organizations will be examined, as well as incidents involving terrorist efforts, successes, and failures.
Administration of Justice 142: Introduction to Digital Evidence | Andrew Gulcher, MA
This course provides students with an understanding of digital crime scene investigation. Topics include court presentation of evidence requirements involving digital forensic evidence, digital imaging, and metadata. Recognized legal and professional standards will be reviewed. Students will be exposed to contemporary digital forensic tools and processes used in collecting digital evidence from seizure to the admission as evidence in a criminal trial. Procedural and legal issues in the handling, processing, and examination of digital evidence will be studied. Students will learn about methods of handling the chain of custody regarding some digital evidence, and discovery procedures.
Anthropology 1: Introduction to Physical Anthropology | Alberto Vigil, MA
This course explores and emphasizes the evolution and biological diversity of the human species and our closest living relative, the non-human primates. Topics include genetics, mechanisms of evolutionary change, human variation, and the reconstruction of human evolutionary history through examination of the fossil record.
Anthropology 2: Introduction to Cultural Anthropology | Dr. Kirsten Olson
This course will provide students with an introduction to culture theory as well as to the cross-cultural understanding of human behavior. Emphasis will be placed on subsistence strategies marriage and kinship institution levels of sociopolitical organization religious systems and the effects of cultural change, mainly as the result of European expansion, industrialization, and globalization.
Anthropology 3: Introduction to Archaeology | Dr. Kirsten Olson
This course is a survey of the field of archaeology in the United States and abroad. It traces the history of archaeology and reviews the concepts, topics of concern, and research methodologies commonly encountered within the field of archaeology. Students will be introduced to basic techniques of soil analysis and archeological mineral analysis.
Anthropology 5: Physical Anthropology Lab | Dr. Billy Wong
This course uses laboratory exercises and hands-on activities to explore the primary topics of physical anthropology. Topics will include principles evolution, human genetics, forensic anthropology, behavior and anatomy of nonhuman primates, human variation, and fossil evidence for human evolution.
Anthropology 6: Native Peoples of North America | Angela Mannen, MA
This course is designed to provide an understanding of the origins, culture areas, and culture characteristics of native peoples north of Mexico. Topics include the prehistory of these aboriginal New World populations, cultural adaptions to various environments, and interactions with non-natives during and following the period of European expansion.
Anthropology 11: Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft | Dr. Rodolfo Otero
This course is a cross-cultural and evolutionary survey of the supernatural. It includes an examination of magic and witchcraft practices and the different functions they play in various world societies including hunting and gathering groups, and tribal level and state level societies. Religious beliefs, symbolism and ritual are explained from an anthropological perspective.
Art History 207: Art History of Mexico and Central and Couth America | Alireza Ahmadpour, XXX - SP23
This course surveys the art of Mexico, Central America, and South America, from Pre-Colombian civilizations through contemporary times. Key artworks are studied in relation to historical and cultural contexts that consider the effects of shifting social, political, philosophical, and spiritual paradigms on the production of art.
Biology 10: Fundamentals of Biology | Michael Brennan, MS
This course is a survey of all living things: prokaryotes, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. Basic principles of structure, function, and relationships of living organisms are discussed with special reference to humans.
Business 22: Human Relations in Organizations | Lovell Alford, MBA
This course covers the major themes of human relations in organizations and the workplace from a psychological, sociological, and physiological perspective. Students will develop critical thinking and ethical reasoning skills as students apply behavior science theories and principles. Topics include values, perception, motivation, conflict management, teamwork, and leadership.
Business 25: Introduction to Business | Lovell Alford, MBA
This course is a survey of organization and management factors influencing the establishment, location, and operation of businesses. This course emphasizes the functional area of accounting as well as the legal framework within which business activities are conducted. The course also emphasizes the principles of Total Quality Management (TQM) in a multicultural and globalized environment.
Contemporary Health 1: Personal and Community Health Issues | Linda Delzeit-McIntrye, MA
The purpose of this class is to give the study insight into various aspects of personal health and wellness. The student will gain an understanding of the application of health and wellness principles in one's life as a matter of personal responsibility. The course will be conducted as a combination of lectures, discussions, and other in-class activities.
Economics 1: Principles of Economics: Macroeconomics | Dr. Tanja Carter
This course introduces students to the principles that explain the operation of the national economy. Topics to be analyzed include consumption of products, exchange, aggregate output, the money supply, national income, price level, economic growth, international trade, international finance, and macroeconomic principles.
Economics 2: Principles of Economics: Microeconomics Theory | Dr. Meric Keskinel
This course focuses on the development of the fundamental laws of supply and demand. The principles that govern the operation of the market economy using microeconomic theory will be examined. In particular, emphasis will be placed on decision making by individual consumers and firms, and how the allocation of goods and resources are determined in both competitive and monopolistic markets.
English 1A: Reading and Composition | Karen Amano-Tompkins, MA
This course is designed to strengthen the students' ability to read with understanding and discernment, to discuss the assigned readings intelligently, and to write clearly. Emphasis will be on writing essays in which each paragraph relates to a controlling idea, has an introduction and a conclusion, and contains primary and secondary support. College-level reading material will be assigned to provide the stimulus for class discussion and writing assignments, including a required research paper.
English 1C: Critical Thinking and Composition | Dr. Thomas Lovell
This course focuses on the development of critical thinking skills. Students will apply these skills to the analysis of written arguments in various forms and genres, both classic and contemporary, and to the writing of effective persuasive essays. Students will learn to evaluate and interpret data, to recognize assumptions, to distinguish facts from opinions, to identify and avoid logical fallacies, to employ deductive and inductive reasoning, and to effectively assert and support argumentative claims.
English 43: African American Literature | Planned for Future Term
This course provides a chronological and thematic survey of African American literature. Students will read and discuss representative works by African American writers. Emphasis will be on classic and contemporary literature.
English 44: The Literature of American Ethnic Groups | Erica Brenes, MA
This course provides a broad survey of American ethnic literatures. Students will explore and analyze representative texts by Native Americans, African Americans, Chicano- and Latino Americans, Jewish Americans, Asian and Pacific Islander Americans, and Arab Americans. Emphasis will be on contemporary literature.
Ethnic Studies 1: Introduction to Ethnic Studies | Xocoyotzin Herrera, MA
This course provides a multidisciplinary introduction and analysis of ethnic groups in the United States. Various theories and perspectives will be examined to better comprehend the effects of institutional racism, marginalization, socio-economic and political discrimination, and ethnocentrism on American ethnic and racial groups.
Ethnic Studies 3: The Chicano in Contemporary United States Society | Xocoyotzin Herrera, MA
This course introduces the student to the complexity and diversity of contemporary Chicano society in the United States. The impact of American values on the socialization of Mexican Americans will be assessed with particular emphasis on political, economic, social, cultural and educational institutions.
Ethnic Studies 5: Chicano Culture | Xocoyotzin Herrera, MA
This course is an interdisciplinary study of Chicano culture in the United States. Emphasis is placed on the historical roots and development of the cultural contributions of Chicanos to American society in the arts, literature, language, music and other expressions of contemporary popular culture. Analysis of the central components of Chicano cultural values, norms and customs will also be assessed.
First Aid 1: First Aid, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Basic Emergency Care | Traci Granger, MEd
This course follows the American Red Cross Certification Program for First Aid, Basic Life Support (infant, child, adult, and two person CPR), and Automated External Defibrillation (AED). The course content includes an emphasis on prevention of injuries, safety education, and skills necessary to sustain life in the event of trauma or sudden illness. Demonstration of skill proficiency and passing written exams with 80 percent or better will qualify students for certification in American Red Cross First Aid, Community CPR, and Professional Rescuer CPR.
History 101: United States History to 1877 | Hong Herrera Thomas, MA
This course is a chronological survey of American history from the first Americans to 1877, focusing on American social, intellectual, political, economic, and diplomatic institutions. Major topics in the course include colonization, slavery, the American Revolution, Native Americans, the Civil War and Reconstruction.
History 102: United States History from 1877 to Present | Sandra Uribe, MA
This course is a chronological survey of American history from 1877 to the present, focusing on American social, intellectual, political, economic, and diplomatic institutions. Major topics include, culture, ethnic and racial diversity and the role of the United States within the context of world history.
History 111: The African American in the United States from 1877 to the Present | Jamahl Melton, XXX - SP23
This course is a survey of the history of the United States from 1877 to the present with particularly emphasis on the role of African Americans in shaping American society. The contributions of African Americans to the American society as a whole will also be examined.
History 112: History of the Chicano in the United States | Xocoyotzin Herrera, MA
This course surveys United States history from the Chicano perspective and covers historical periods from the initial contact between European and indigenous North American societies through colonial, early national, and contemporary American historical periods. Emphasis is placed on this group's contribution to the development of the United States. Factors that have shaped the formation of Mexican American society within the context of United States history will also be analyzed.
History 114: History of the Asian American in the United States | Hong Herrera Thomas, MA
This course surveys Asian American history in the United States from 1848 to the present, focusing on the historical interaction of diverse Asian American groups with American politics, culture, society, and the economy. Unique Asian American communities and the historical factors that have formed and shaped them will also be examined.
History 141: History of Modern Civilizations | Dr. Danny Hsu
This course is a survey of the political, economic, social, and cultural development of world civilizations from the rise of the West in the mid-fifteenth century to the present day. Topics include the European voyages of exploration and expansion, Africa and the transatlantic slave trade, protestant and Catholic Reformations, the Islamic empires, China and Japan in the age of global expansion, French and industrial revolutions, World War I and II, the Cold War and globalization.
History 154: A History of Mexico | Jason Suarez, XXX - SP23
This course surveys the political, social, cultural, and economic history of Mexico from Pre-Columbian times to the present. Discussion of major epochs of Mexican history will focus on the influence of various cultural groups in shaping modern Mexico.
Japanese 1: Elementary Japanese 1 | Dr. Nina Yoshida (1) / Kanzo Takemori, MA (2)
This course, taught within the context of Japanese culture, introduces students to the development of skills for language acquisition in speaking, listening, reading, and writing of modern Japanese. Students are introduced to the cultural background of the language.
Japanese 25: Cultural Aspects of the Japanese Language | Yuki Minekawa, MA
This course provides a study of the cultural aspects of the Japanese language, including the origin of the Japanese people and their language, art, religion, philosophy, and geography. The anthropological and societal characteristics relating to the language and a comparison of Japanese and Western languages and cultures are also covered.
Mathematics 150: Elementary Statistics with Probability | Susana Acuna-Acosta, MS
The focus of this course is the basic practice of statistics, including descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and the role probability plays in statistical analysis. Students calculate with statistical testing capabilities and statistical software, as well as by hand. Major topics include methods of data collection and simulation; measures of central tendency, variability, and relative position; graphical summaries of data; linear regression and correlation; distributions, including normal and binomial distributions; probability theory; and inferential statistical methods. Students choose, justify, use, and interpret the results of inferential techniques, such as confidence intervals, hypothesis tests, goodness of fit, analysis of variance, and nonparametric tests.
Physical Education 10A: Body Conditioning and Physical Fitness | Thomas Hazell, XXX - SP23
This course provides students with a fitness foundation through the means of cardiorespiratory endurance training, muscular strength and endurance training, and flexibility exercises. Students assess health-related components of fitness, set fitness goals, and monitor progression. Special emphasis is paid to the design and execution of a personalized exercise prescription.
Physical Education 221: Combative Arts and Self Defense | Thomas Hazell, XXX - SP23
This course provides instruction and practice in the application of combative arts for use in self-defense. Techniques presented will include various strikes, punches, kicks and ground defense strategies. Defense against the headlock, bear hug, chokes and confrontational situations will also be practiced. Physical conditioning relative to performing self-defense techniques will be emphasized. Prevention of training related injuries will be addressed through proper warm up and stretching.
Physical Education 257: Yoga for Health and Fitness | Diana Galias, XXX - SP23
This course is designed to improve both fitness and health through mind and body integration. Yoga postures (asanas) are woven together to provide a workout that targets the body, but does not emphasize any religion, or philosophy. Breathing while performing the asanas is stressed. Various styles of Hatha Yoga will be introduced. This course will give the student both the knowledge and the practice to move toward improve health, fitness and mind and body awareness.
Physical Education 275: Sport Psychology | Jessica Rapoza, MA
This course is a scientific study of the psychological factors associated with participation and performance in sport activities. Emphasis will be placed on how psychological principles and research can be used to understand and enhance sport performance. Topics will include historical and theoretical perspectives of sport psychology, research methods, and the relationship between sport performance and various personality, motivational, and social psychological variables. Gender and age issues, as well as the effects and management of unhealthy behaviors, will be discussed.
Physical Education 277: Introduction to Kinesiology & Physical Education | Nathan Fernley, MA
This course introduces the academic disciplines of kinesiology and physical education through an examination of their historical, professional, and philosophical foundations. Specialties such as exercise science, biomechanics, athletic training, fitness, teaching, coaching, sport psychology, and adapted physical education are surveyed for their scope and career options.
Political Science 1: Governments of the United States and California | Dr. Karl Striepe
This course is a survey of the concepts, theories, and functions of the American political system. The basic principles of the United States Constitution and the government of California will be examined. Emphasis will be placed on the formal and informal influences of federalism on national and state governments.
Political Science 2: Introduction to Comparative Politics | Dr. Paul Flor
In this course students will analyze political systems of different countries in a comparative context. Emphasize will be placed on the formal and informal influences of federalism on national and state governments.
Political Science 10: Introduction to International Relations | Dr. Karl Striepe - SP23
In this course students will examine the factors that determine the relations between nations and the problems that result from the interplay of these factors. The conditions that can lead to both conflict and cooperation among nations will be examined. Major topics include international security, issues of international political economy, and international organizations. International law and diplomacy are examined as alternative means of resolving conflict.
Psychology 2: Psychology for Effective Living | Dr. Lorrie Kato
This course is a study of personal development and adjustment in society as well as the psychosocial and cultural influences on childhood adolescence, and adulthood. Emphasis on the application of psychological research and theories to the development of social skills and personal adjustments as well as practical approaches to problems of personal development and social relationships will be examined.
Psychology 3: Critical Thinking in Psychology | Dr. Stephanie Foley
This course focuses on the development of critical thinking skills related to psychology. In addition to learning basic skills of logic, students will also learn about the logic of the scientific method and the common errors of human cognition that impede critical thinking. Emphasis is placed on the application of critical thinking skills to written effective arguments, analyzing the writings of others, and understanding contemporary controversies in psychology.
Psychology 5: General Psychology | Dr. Lorrie Kato
This course is a study of of human behavior and mental processes with an emphasis on basic theory and research generated by the scientific method. Major topics include psychobiology, learning, human cognition, personality, lifespan development, psychological disorders, therapeutic approaches, and social psychology.
Psychology 7: Physiological Psychology | Dr. Richard Mascolo
This course focuses on the physiological factors in human development, behavior, and experience. Fundamental topics include consciousness, language, emotion, memory, and sensation/perception. Clinical topics include Sexual Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Autism, Alzheimer's disease, and traumatic brain injury. Studies of both human and other animals are evaluated and organized by scientific and clinical standards.
Psychology 12: Human Sexuality | Mary Stelter, MA
This course is the scientific study of human sexuality. Emphasis is placed on analysis of sexuality from a psychological theoretical framework. Topics include the history of sex, the scientific research methods used to study sex, and the psychobiology of sex. This course also examines cultural views of sex and gender, sexual behavior and relationships., and sex as a social and medical issue.
Psychology 15: Abnormal Psychology | Dr. Richard Mascolo
This course focuses on the scientific study of both normal and abnormal experiences and behavior. Emphasis is placed on the characterization, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders ranging from mild to severe forms.
Psychology 16: Lifespan Development | Dr. Brad Conn
This course examines physical, cognitive and psychosocial development throughout the human lifespan from conception to death. Special emphasis is placed on culture, family relationships, and the interplay of genes and environment. Attention is also devoted to the practical application of research findings to ongoing developmental problems issues.
Psychology 19: Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender | Dr. Angela Simon
This course is an introduction to psychological, social, and cultural aspects of sexual orientation and gender identity, with an emphasis on examining sexual orientation and gender identity from a psychological perspective. Topics will include historical perspectives on sexual orientation and gender identity and basic research methods used to study gender and sexuality; applied topics such as identity, relationships, mental and physical health, sexuality, prejudice and discrimination, and the role of LGBTQ allies in effecting change will also be included.
Psychology 25: The Psychology of Gender | Dr. Amy Himsel
This course is an overview of psychological perspectives and research on gender. Topics will include theoretical perspectives on gender, psychological research methods used to study gender, sex-related differences and comparisons, and the influence of gender in areas such as relationships, communications, health, and work.
Psychology 108: Social Psychology | Mohammad Abdelhamid, MA
This course focuses on the scientific study of the psychological processes that occur in and between groups. Emphasis is on individual behavior rather than on group behavior as a whole. Topics include social cognition; social perception; attitudes; prejudice and discrimination; social and group influence; interpersonal attraction and intimate relationships; aggression; and prosocial behavior. Gender and sociocultural issues are also examined.
Psychology 110: African American Psychology | Planned for Future Term
This course is an introduction to the psychological issues related to the African American experience in the United States. The relationship between the African American experience and social perception, social cognition, and identity and attitude formation is emphasized. Individual cognitive styles, personality development, and family structures of African Americans will also be examined.
Psychology 117: Cultural Psychology | Dr. Yun Chu
This course will examine psychological principles, theory, and research through exploration of cultural differences and similarities, both within and across cultures. Topics may include the interplay between culture and developmental processes, cognition, emotion, communication, gender, personality development, psychopathology, and social behavior.
Social Science 101: Introduction to Social Sciences | Sandra Uribe, MA
This course introduces students to the fields of study that comprise the social sciences and their interrelationship. Students will be introduced to the basic theories and methods of social science disciplines and how their contributions facilitate our understanding of the social and cultural worlds humans inhabitant and the problems experienced by contemporary societies. This course also exposes students to the concepts and techniques that are used in social science research and in career choices available to students pursuing a degree in the social sciences.
Social Science 103: Introduction to Social Justice Studies | Jessica Rodriguez, MA (ABD)
This course introduces students to social justice theories and the historical and contemporary responses to inequality and injustice. The role of imbalances of power in society, social movements, culture, politics, and institutions will be discussed. This course also explores a broad range of issues related to environmental and criminal justice and human rights. Diverse theories and practical applications of social justice and social movements that have been made over time to remedy social injustice will be examined.
Sociology 101: Introduction to Sociology | Dr. Sergio Soto
In this course students analyze the influence of the social environment on behavior and social life, using sociological theoretical perspectives and research methods. Components of culture and social structures are critically examined through sociological theories and concepts, including socialization, deviance, and social change. Students will evaluate social institutions in American society, as well as analyze social stratification and inequality relative to social class, ethnicity, and gender.
Sociology 102: The Family | Dr. Kell Stone
In this course students analyze the influence of the social environment on behavior and social life, using sociological theoretical perspectives and research methods. Components of culture and social structure are critically examined through sociological theories and concepts, including socialization, deviance, and social change. Students will evaluate social institutions in American society, as well as analyze social stratification and inequality relative to social class, ethnicity, and gender.
Sociology 104: Social Problems | Dr. Kell Stone
In this course students examine social problems facing societies today. Topics include problems associated with deviance, crime, inequality, social institutions, and modernization. Social problems will be analyzed from various sociological perspectives to better understand their possible causes and consequences. Strategies for addressing social problems will be discussed and assessed.
Sociology 107: Issues of Race and Ethnicity in the United States | Dr. Melissa Fujiwara
In this course, students examine issues of race and ethnicity in the United States from a sociological perspective. Sociological concepts and theories are used to analyze the current and historical experiences of groups, which are defined in racial and ethnic terms, and to assess how these definitions and experiences influence the current status and attainments of these groups in American society.
Sociology 108: Global Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity | Dr. Frieda Dowden
In this course, students will examine ethnic groups around the world using concepts of race, ethnicity and minority status. Multiple theoretical perspectives will be used to examine the conditions under which certain ethnic groups have been designated with minority group status. Focus is given to the reactions of these groups to this designation, and the patterns of interaction between minority groups and dominant groups. Emphasis is on current situations involving minority-dominant group relations around the world and the historical conditions influencing them.
Sociology 110: Introduction to Social Work | Corina Diaz, MA, MSW, ACSW
This course introduces students to the field of social work emphasizing the skills, responsibilities, and varieties of social work settings. Various social problems, such as child neglect, domestic violence, and poverty, are analyzed to understand how social workers address these issues at the individual, group, and community levels. Social policies such as domestic violence laws, foster care, and the welfare system are also examined.
Sociology 112: Introduction to Criminology | Peter Aguilera, MA
This course introduces students to the scientific analysis of crime and criminality. Sociological concepts and theories are used to analyze the nature, extent, and cause of crime; theoretical explanations for criminal behavior will be discussed. The dynamics of law, social control, treatment processes, and victimology will be evaluated.
Sociology 113: Gender and Society | Dr. Kell Stone
Through this course, students will explore the concepts of sex and gender from a sociological perspective. Course content will examine shifts in attitudes, the social construction, and the importance of gender, both femininities and masculinities, in our everyday lives. Students will examine the methods sociologists use to study gender as well as how gender shapes and is shaped by the family, work, education, politics, media, the criminal justice system, health, religion, interaction, and performance. This course also analyzes the interlocking nature of gender with other major organizing principles of life such as race, class, age, and sexuality.
Sociology 115: Sociology of Death and Dying | Dr. Kassia Wosick
This course is a sociological approach to investigating death, dying, and bereavement processes in contemporary society. Students will compare the concept of death historically, socially, psychologically, and cross-culturally. Current legal, medical, and ethical issues related to death and dying, hospice, palliative care, end-of-life issues, violent deaths, and mass killings are also discussed.
Sociology 118: Sociology of Sexualities | Dr. Kassia Wosick
This course examines how and why sexuality matters in society at both individual and institutional levels. It addresses diverse sexualities using sociological theories, methodological processes, and an intersectional approach involving race/ethnicity, class, and gender. Students will utilize sociological lens to assess the relationship between historical socio-sexual contexts and contemporary sexualities.
Women Studies 1: Introduction to Women's Studies | Katherine Rippel, MA
This interdisciplinary course introduces students to the field of women's studies. The history of feminism, feminist though, and women's studies as an academic discipline will be examined and assessed. The social construction of sex, gender, and sexuality, the representation of women in American society, and the role of women in American institutions will be analyzed from theoretical perspectives of various academic disciplines. Feminist perspectives will be utilized to critically analyze race, ethnicity, social class, sexuality, and age as they correlate with sex and gender in American society.